Questa è una versione superata pubblicata il 2023-01-20. Visita la versione più recente.

Il lato quotidiano dell’islamofobia

Micro-razzismo a scuola tra differenzialismo culturale e razzismo spirituale

Autori

  • Fabio Vicini Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Università degli Studi di Verona

Parole chiave:

femonationalism, Muslims in Europe, spiritual racism, Islamophobia, “second generations”

Abstract

The paper explores everyday forms of racism toward sons and daughters of Muslim migrants born or raised in Italy since the late 1990s and early 2000s by shedding light on recent debates on Islamophobia in Italy and Europe. Based on my interlocutors’ narratives about their experiences of racism at different levels of education, the paper shows how these experiences significantly impacted their identity paths. The case is initially read through the lens of anthropological literature on cultural racism to introduce the discussion of another way of marking difference that seems particularly apt to describe long-standing forms of discrimination against ethnic-religious minorities in Europe: spiritual racism. Then, the paper introduces the notion of “micro-racism” to shed light on how Islamophobia is reproduced in an elusive and almost imperceptible way in daily interactions with teachers and peers, especially since middle school. Defining these forms of racism as “micro” is not meant to belittle the phenomenon but to point to its specificity. It is useful to highlight the particular ways in which ethnoreligious difference is marked in a context like Italy where minorities are relatively less visible than in other European countries. Finally, the paper refers to recent academic discussions on femonationalism, yet by moving the analysis from the level of public discourse to that of daily interactions between female teachers and students especially.

Riferimenti bibliografici

Abdel Qader S. 2008, Porto il velo, adoro i Queen, Milano: Sonzogno.

Abu-Lughod L. 2002, Do Muslim women really need saving?, «American Anthropologist», 104 (3): 783-790.

Ahmed L. 1995, Oltre il velo, Firenze: La Nuova Italia.

Allen C. 2010, Islamophobia, Farnham-Burlington: Ashgate.

Anidjar G. 2003, The Jew, the Arab: A history of the enemy, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Asad T. 2006, Trying to understand French secularism, in Hent de Vries, Lawrence E. Sullivan (eds.) 2006, Political theologies, New York: Fordham University Press, 494-526.

Bachis F. 2019, Sull’orlo del pregiudizio, Cagliari: Aipsa Edizioni.

Balibar E. 1991, Is there a ‘neo-racism’?, in Etienne Balibar, Immanuel Wallerstein (eds.) 1991, Race, nation, class, London-New York: Verso, 17-28.

Balkenhol M., Schramm K. 2019, Doing race in Europe: Contested pasts and contemporary practices, «Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale», 27 (4): 585-593.

Bangstad S. 2022, Western islamophobia: The origins of a concept, in Roberto Tottoli (ed.) 2022, Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West, Londra-New York: Routledge, 463-475.

Barker M. 1981, The new racism, Londra: Junction Books.

Bowen J. 2004, Beyond migration: Islam as a transnational public space, «Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies», 30 (5): 879-894.

— 2008, Why the French don’t like headscarves, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Cingolani P., Ricucci R. (eds.) 2014, Transmediterranei. Generazioni a confronto tra Italia e Nord Africa, Torino: Accademia University Press.

David A. 2001, Racisme et antisimitisme, Parigi: Ellipses.

Delanty G. 1995, Inventing Europe, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Delphy C. 2006, Antisexisme ou antiracisme? Un faux dilemme, «Nouvelles Questions Féministes», 25 (1): 59-83.

di Nola A. M. 1973, Antisemitismo in Italia 1962/1972, Firenze: Vallecchi.

ENAR 2016, Donne dimenticate. Rapporto nazionale sull’Italia, Bruxelles: European Network Against Racism.

EUMC 2006, I musulmani nell’Unione europea: discriminazione ed islamofobia (Sintesi della relazione dell’EUMC), <https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/1936-EUMC-highlights-IT.pdf>, consultato il 7 dicembre 2022.

IDOS 2016, L’islamofobia in Europa: un fenomeno in crescita, in IDOS 2016, Dossier statistico immigrazione, Roma: IDOS, 57-60.

Fabian J. 2000, Il tempo e gli altri, Napoli: L’ancora del mediterraneo.

Fadil N. 2009, Managing affects and sensibilities: The case of not-handshaking and not-fasting, «Social Anthropology», 17 (4): 439-54.

— 2011, Not-/unveiling as an ethical practice, «Feminist Review», 98: 83-109.

Fanon F. 2003, Algeria unveiled, in Prasenjit Duara (ed.), Decolonization, London, New York: Routledge, 42-55.

Farris S. 2015, Il femonazionalismo in Italia, in Gaia Giuliani (ed.), Il colore della nazione, Firenze: Le Monnier, 172-195.

— 2017, In the name of women’s rights: The rise of femonationalism, Durham: Duke University Press.

Fernando M. L. 2014, The Republic Unsettled, Durham: Duke University Press.

Geisser V. 2003, La nouvelle islamophobie, Parigi: La Découverte.

Giacalone F. 2020, Islamofobia e sessismo nella rappresentazione delle donne musulmane in Italia, «Voci», XVII: 198-221.

— 2021, Tra hijab e pratiche sociali, Milano, Franco Angeli.

Goody J. 2004, Islam in Europe, Cambridge: Polity.

Granata A. 2011, Sono qui da una vita, Roma: Carocci.

Grillo R. 2002, Immigration and the politics of recognizing difference in Italy, in Ralph Grillo, Jeffrey Pratt (eds.) 2002, The politics of recognizing difference, Burlington: Ashgate, 1-24.

Grimaldi G. 2022, Fuorigioco. Figli di migranti e italianità, Verona: Ombre Corte.

Guillaumin C. 1972, L’idéologie raciste. Genèse et langage actuel, Paris: Gallimard.

Hervik P. 2006, Anthropological perspectives on the new racism in Europe, «Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology», 69 (2): 149-155.

Khosrokhavar F. 2002, L’Islam dei giovani in Francia, in Annamaria Rivera (ed.), L’inquietudine dell’Islam, Bari: Dedalo, 163-182.

Levitt P., Waters M. C. (eds.) 2002, The changing face of home, New York: Russel Sage Foundation.

Massari M. 2006, Islamofobia. La paura e l’islam, Bari: Laterza.

M’charek A., Schramm K., Skinner D. 2014, Technologies of belonging: The absent presence of race in Europe, «Science, Technology, & Human Values», 39: 459-67.

Mernissi F. 1996, La terrazza proibita, Firenze: Giunti.

Modood T. 2005, Multicultural politics: Racism, ethnicity, and Muslims in Britain, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

— 2015, Difference, cultural racism and anti-racism, in Pnina Werbner, Tariq Modood (eds.), Debating cultural hybridity, London: Zed Books, 154-172 (I ed. 1997).

Nieuwkerk K. van 2004, Veils and wooden clogs don’t go together, «Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology», 69 (2): 229-246.

Notarangelo C. 2011, Tra il Maghreb e i Carruggi, Roma: CISU.

Pepicelli R. 2010, Femminismo islamico, Roma: Carocci.

Perocco F. 2010, L’Italia, avanguardia del razzismo europeo, in Pietro Basso (ed.) 2010, Razzismo di stato, Milano: Franco Angeli, 387-422.

Piasere L. 2021, Antisemitismo e antiziganismo in Italia: Sull’antropologia del razzismo di Alfonso Maria di Nola, Perugia: Morlacchi.

— In stampa, Il nuovo manifesto fascista della razza (1942), «Lares», 87 (2-3), 433-472.

Pontrandolfo S., Rizzin E. 2021, Discorsi pubblici su rom e sinti in Italia: un esempio di dangerous speech? In Antonietta De Vita (ed.) 2021, Fragilità contemporanee. Fenomenologia della violenza e della vulnerabilità, Milano: Mimesis, 23-55.

Rajiva M. 2006, Brown girls, white worlds: Adolescence and the making of racialized selves, «Canadian Review of Sociology», 43 (2): 165-183.

Riccio B., Russo M. 2009, Ponti in costruzione tra de-territorializzazione e riterritorializzazione, «Lares», 75 (3): 439-468.

Rivera A. (ed.) 2002, L’inquietudine dell’Islam fra tradizione, modernità e globalizzazione, Bari: Dedalo.

— 2003, L’islamofobia in Occidente, «Guerra e Pace», 103/104: 6-8.

— 2005, La guerra dei simboli. Veli postcoloniali e retoriche sull’alterità, Bari: Dedalo.

— 2009, Regole e roghi. Metamorfosi del razzismo, Bari: Dedalo.

— 2020, Razzismo. Gli atti, le parole, la propaganda, Bari: Dedalo.

Runnymede Trust 1997, Islomofobia: a challenge for us all, London: Profile Books.

Said E. 2004, Orientalismo, Milano: Feltrinelli (I ed. 1978).

Salih R. 2004, The backward and the new: National, transnational and post‐national Islam in Europe, «Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies», 30 (5): 995-1011.

— 2009, Muslim women, fragmented secularism and the construction of interconnected ‘publics’ in Italy, «Social Anthropology», 17 (4): 409-423.

Scheer M., Fadil N., Schepelern Johansen B. 2019, Secular bodies, affects and emotions, Londra: Bloomsbury.

SETA 2020, Islamophobia in Italia: Rapporto Nazionale 2018, SETA: Istanbul.

Stolcke V. 1995, Talking culture: New boundaries, new rhetorics of exclusion in Europe, «Current Anthropology», 36 (1): 1-24.

— 1996, Cultural Citizenship as Subject Making, «Current Anthropology», 37 (5): 754-757.

Taguieff P. A. 1994, La forza del pregiudizio, Bologna: il Mulino.

— 1999, Il razzismo, Milano: Cortina.

Twine F. W. 1996, Brown skinned white girls: Class, culture and the construction of white identity in suburban communities, «Gender, Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography», 3 (2): 205-224.

Vicini F. 2021a, Fra islam e italianità: Nuove seconde generazioni di musulmani nell’Italia monoculturale, «Antropologia Pubblica», 7 (2): 143-163.

— 2021b. Verso un riformismo italiano? Nuove generazioni tra secolarismo e vita musulmana, «Dada Rivista di Antropologia post-globale», 2021 (2): 135–153.

Wieviorka M. 2015, Why is it so difficult to be an anti-racist? in Pnina Werbner, Tariq Modood (eds.), Debating cultural hybridity, London: Zed Books, 139-153 (I ed. 1997).

##submission.downloads##

Pubblicato

2023-01-20

Versioni

Come citare

Vicini, F. (2023). Il lato quotidiano dell’islamofobia: Micro-razzismo a scuola tra differenzialismo culturale e razzismo spirituale. EtnoAntropologia, 10(2), 61–78. Recuperato da https://rivisteclueb.it/index.php/etnoantropologia/article/view/il-lato-quotidiano-islamofobia